Ten simple steps for conducting a literature review

A literature review is a fundamental aspect of academic research which provides an opportunity to explore and understand a topic through the analysis of existing studies. Unlike a systematic review, which seeks to answer a specific research question, a literature review broadly summarizes, compares, and reflects on available knowledge within a broader context. This article offers practical guidance for conducting a literature review, particularly for student essays where the aim is to explore rather than to present definitive conclusions. Key steps for conducting a thorough and insightful review are outlined, including developing a search strategy and synthesizing findings. The process is simplified into the 5 S strategy: sourcing, searching, screening, selecting/appraising, and summarizing/synthesizing. Additionally, this guide covers how to organize findings using tools like PRISMA flowcharts and summary tables, while reflecting on broader social, political, and professional contexts. Mastering these steps enables students to create well-rounded, academically sound reviews relevant